HIV & sex — pleasure, honesty, and the science.

Most HIV-and-sex material written in the last forty years was built to frighten people. It catalogued acts by danger and treated desire itself as the problem. If you are living with HIV, you have probably absorbed some of that — a small hesitation before the second date, a habit of reading your own body as a risk to someone else.

This page is written from the other direction. Sex is a good thing. HIV is a medical condition. Neither should erase the other, and the science of the last fifteen years made that a factual statement rather than a hopeful one. Four large studies followed thousands of couples across tens of thousands of condomless sex acts and did not document a single HIV transmission from a partner with a suppressed viral load.1234 That is the ground you are standing on.

Framing — the picture nobody handed you at diagnosis

Almost everyone diagnosed with HIV gets a version of the same conversation: labs, medication, follow-up appointment, and a brisk mention of telling partners. What almost nobody gets is a real conversation about sex — about pleasure, about dating, about the fact that a good sex life is a normal part of adult life and that HIV does not remove you from it. That silence leaves people to fill the gap with whatever they absorbed from the 1980s and 1990s, written before effective treatment existed. The honest modern summary: both the CDC's HIV clinical guidance and its STI treatment guidelines state plainly that people with HIV who achieve and maintain a viral load below 200 copies/mL have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting HIV.6

None of that is a mandate. Some people living with HIV want condomless sex with a long-term partner; some want condoms forever because condoms are simple; some want group sex, some monogamy, some a period of not dating at all. All complete answers. The science widens your options — it does not prescribe which one you pick. That is also why this page says mixed-status rather than serodiscordant.

U=U in practice — what it changes at 11 p.m. on a Saturday

Undetectable equals untransmittable brings strong scientific evidence into everyday life. Four landmark studies support a message that can replace fear with confidence in intimacy.

What "undetectable" has to mean before you rely on it

Under 200 copies/mL is the threshold. That is how the CDC defines viral suppression, and it is the number the transmission evidence is built on.6 A result of 60 copies is suppressed; a result of 300 needs prompt follow-up and repeat testing. NIH recommends additional sexual HIV prevention after a result at or above 200 until resuppression is confirmed.23 Durable matters more than momentary: NIH advises an additional HIV-prevention method during the first six months of ART and until a viral load below 200 copies/mL is documented, with confirmation that suppression is maintained.7 If you started medication three weeks ago, you are on your way.

Condoms after U=U — an actual choice now

U=U does not make condoms obsolete; it makes them optional for HIV purposes. Antiretroviral therapy does not protect against other sexually transmitted infections, and the CDC's STI treatment guidelines say so directly.6 Condoms still reduce chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, still prevent pregnancy, and for some people simply make sex feel less complicated. So the question shifts from "must I?" to "what do I want?" Condoms with new partners but not a regular one; for anal but not oral; none at all with quarterly screening plus doxy-PEP — all coherent plans. Our U=U page covers the science and the politics in full.

PrEP for partners — four ways to say yes to your own protection

Here is a thing that trips people up: if you are durably suppressed, your partner does not need PrEP to be protected from you. And plenty of partners want it anyway. That is not an insult. A partner might want PrEP because they have other partners, because they want protection that does not depend on someone else's pharmacy refill, or because the anxiety is real even when the math is settled. It lets a person hold their own prevention in their own hands.

The CDC's current clinical guidance covers four options.89

Adherence realities, honestly

PrEP works when it is in the body, and timing is not instantaneous. With daily oral PrEP, protection for receptive anal sex takes about seven days; for receptive vaginal sex and injection-related risk, up to about 21 days.8 A partner who starts PrEP on Friday is not protected by Saturday — and in a mixed-status couple with a suppressed partner, U=U is already doing the protective work.

On 2-1-1 — two pills 2 to 24 hours before sex, then one at 24 and 48 hours — the CDC is explicit: not FDA-approved, not CDC-recommended, and where used off-label, only for adult gay and bisexual men.8 European cohorts show people moving between schedules anyway: among 571 men who have sex with men in Belgian and Dutch PrEP programs, 31.7% switched regimens at least once.14 Flexibility is the norm — but it should be flexibility your prescriber knows about, alongside baseline and follow-up testing for HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis B, and kidney function.8 Full walkthrough on our PrEP page.

Mixed-status relationships — not a tragedy, a logistics problem you have already solved

Mixed-status couples used to be written about as if they lived in a controlled hazard zone. That framing is thirty years out of date; the daily reality is medication, appointments, and an ordinary life.

Layering, not stacking

Prevention choices should fit the people involved. U=U prevents sexual HIV transmission with maintained suppression. A partner without HIV can still choose PrEP for other exposures, uncertainty about suppression, or reassurance. Condoms, screening, vaccination, and doxy-PEP when clinically appropriate address other needs. Choosing an additional measure is not proof of distrust; pressure to stop using it is not a requirement of accepting U=U. Partners can discuss comfort, autonomy, and clinical advice together.

The conversation to actually have

Four questions, revisited perhaps once a year rather than nightly:

• What is the current viral load, and when was it last checked? Shared information, the way a couple shares a blood pressure reading.
• Does the HIV-negative partner want PrEP? Their answer, not a negotiation. Wanting it is not distrust; declining it is not recklessness.
• Is this relationship exclusive, and if not, what does everyone need to know? Discuss the agreement openly, including what to do if circumstances change.
• How are we handling STIs? Screening interval, who books it, whether doxy-PEP is on the table.

Our HIV and relationships page goes further into the emotional side.

Group sex, play parties, saunas, cruising — no shame, real logistics

Group sex is common, it has been part of queer sexual culture for generations, and it is not a moral category. In a study of 357 gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men attending a Melbourne sexual health clinic, 32.2% reported group sex in the previous three months.13 That is roughly one in three people in a routine clinic waiting room.

Two findings there contradict the assumptions built into most prevention messaging. First, recent group sex was not associated with a same-day STI diagnosis in adjusted analyses. Second, living with HIV showed no association with group sex participation.13 People living with HIV are simply part of these spaces. A New York study of 211 men who had attended sex parties in the prior year adds nuance: men who were undetectable and men on PrEP both attended more parties and reported more anal sex partners than men using neither strategy — and had higher bacterial STI rates.13 The tools that made HIV manageable did not make gonorrhea manageable, which is exactly why doxy-PEP exists.

The Amsterdam AMPrEP cohort is reassuring on the point people worry about most. Across four years, bacterial STI incidence was high — 87 per 100 person-years — but it did not increase over time, and there were only two HIV acquisitions in four years.14 The feared spiral did not materialize.

Practical notes for group settings

• Know your own numbers before you go — current viral load if you are living with HIV; PrEP status and last dose if you are not. Certainty at the door removes a lot of mid-scene negotiation. Bring your own condoms and lubricant.
• Change condoms between partners. The one genuinely group-sex-specific practice — the same condom moving between people is how bacterial STIs travel fastest in a room.
• Screen on a schedule, not on suspicion: site-specific testing every 3–6 months — throat, rectal, urine or genital as indicated, plus syphilis serology — the interval the CDC recommends for people on doxy-PEP, along with mpox, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and HPV vaccination.10
• Disclosure in a group is not the same as disclosure to a date. Know what your local space expects, and know your state's law — see the criminalization section.

A specific note on chemsex

Chemsex — the intentional use of drugs such as methamphetamine, GHB/GBL, or mephedrone to extend and intensify sex, often in group settings — is its own scenario with its own risks, and it is not a moral failing. The reasons to break it out are concrete. Sessions can run for hours or days, which changes tissue trauma, hydration, sleep, and eating. Antiretroviral and PrEP doses get missed, and adherence is the whole ballgame for both. GHB/GBL has a narrow margin between the dose that feels good and the dose that stops breathing. Injecting — "slamming" — introduces bloodborne HIV and hepatitis C risk that has nothing to do with sex. And consent capacity genuinely changes under sedatives and stimulants.

None of that requires you to stop. It requires a different plan: planning reminders for your usual prescribed medication schedule with your pharmacist, without taking extra doses or changing intervals on your own, never sharing injecting equipment, and having one person who knows where you are. If chemsex has stopped being a choice you make and started being something that happens to you, that is worth naming without shame. Our HIV and substance use page covers harm reduction and treatment options in depth.

Kink and BDSM — negotiation as a prevention technology

Organized kink communities do something mainstream sexual culture mostly does not: they talk explicitly about what is going to happen before it happens — a practice built for physical and emotional safety that turns out to be a good vehicle for HIV and STI conversations too. The National Coalition for Sexual Freedom frames consent as explicit prior permission: you agree to specific acts and their intensity beforehand, you have a way to stop at any time, and you are of sound mind. Its negotiation guidance also says participants should negotiate protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, and that someone too intoxicated to understand the consequences cannot legally consent.20

If you live with HIV, that structure is a gift. Status, viral load, PrEP, condom preferences, and barrier plans all fit naturally into a pre-scene negotiation, at a moment when everyone is clothed, sober, and expecting to discuss logistics.

Blood, needles, and cutting

Most kink involves no HIV risk at all — impact play, bondage, rope, sensation play, and power exchange do not transmit HIV. What needs attention is blood and broken skin: needle play, cutting, scarification, cupping that draws blood.

The relevant numbers come from the transmission-risk literature rather than from kink research: a percutaneous needle stick from a source with untreated HIV carries an estimated risk of about 23 per 10,000 exposures, and needle-sharing about 63 per 10,000.11 Those figures describe unsuppressed HIV. Hepatitis C is the more transmissible bloodborne virus here and often the more realistic concern.

Practical harm reduction for blood play:

• Single-use, sterile, individually packaged needles and blades. One person, one implement, one scene, then a sharps container. Never re-sheathe, reuse, or share implements between bottoms.
• Gloves for the top, changed between partners — cheap, and it removes the top's own cuts and hangnails from the equation. Plan cleanup before you start.
• Hepatitis A and B vaccination, recommended alongside other sexual-health prevention in CDC guidance.10
• Know where PEP is available. Post-exposure prophylaxis after an unplanned blood exposure is time-sensitive; in Florida, county health departments and emergency departments are the front door.21

Aftercare and kink-affirming care

Aftercare — the deliberate period of settling after intense play — is where a lot of health conversation actually lands, because that is when people are honest: a reasonable time to check in about anything that bled and whether anyone needs testing. Finding a clinician who will not pathologize your sex life is a separate task, and NCSF's Kink Aware Professionals directory lists providers who volunteered to be contacted by people involved in kink, leather, BDSM, fetish, and polyamory communities.20 An HIV clinician who treats your kink as a diagnosis will be a poor partner in the rest of your care too.

Anal sex — anatomy, roles, and how the tools stack up

Anal sex carries the highest per-act HIV transmission probability of any sexual activity, and understanding why makes the prevention logic obvious rather than frightening. The rectal lining is a single layer of columnar epithelium — thin, absorptive by design, rich in the immune cells HIV targets — over a dense blood supply. A structural difference, not a behavioral one.

The per-act estimates from the CDC's systematic review, all assuming no condom use and an untreated source:11

• Receptive anal intercourse: 138 per 10,000 exposures
• Insertive anal intercourse: 11 per 10,000
• Receptive penile–vaginal intercourse: 8 per 10,000
• Insertive penile–vaginal intercourse: 4 per 10,000
• Oral sex, receptive or insertive: low, with confidence intervals of 0–4

Read those as a ratio: receptive anal sex carries roughly twelve times the per-act probability of insertive anal sex and seventeen times that of receptive vaginal sex — the entire reason "bottoming" appears so often in prevention material. Now layer the tools on. Consistent condom use reduced HIV incidence about 80% in the same review, and condoms plus antiretroviral treatment of the partner living with HIV attenuated risk by 99.2%.11 PARTNER2 went further: 76,088 condomless anal sex acts with a suppressed partner, zero linked transmissions.3 The highest-probability act, with the most effective tool applied, produced none.

Comfort is tissue care, not modesty: pain during anal sex is a reason to stop and assess, whether or not tearing has occurred, and small tears matter for bacterial STIs and hepatitis C even in a U=U context. Use generous water- or silicone-based lubricant, stop when something hurts, remember that oil degrades latex condoms and lubricant compatibility with toys depends on the material and manufacturer instructions, and douche gently if you douche at all.

HPV and anal cancer screening — the part people skip

This is the most under-discussed piece of anal health for people living with HIV, and it has nothing to do with transmitting HIV. HPV-related anal cancer is substantially more common among people living with HIV, and 2024 brought the first comprehensive screening guidelines: the International Anal Neoplasia Society recommends starting at age 35 for men who have sex with men and transgender women living with HIV, and age 45 for other people living with HIV.19 The federal opportunistic infections guidelines agree, and add annual assessment of anal symptoms — unexplained itching, bleeding, pain, or perianal lesions — for everyone living with HIV. NIH recommends anal cytology alone or with high-risk HPV testing in a program with access to high-resolution anoscopy and follow-up treatment. It does not recommend primary HPV testing alone for people with HIV.19 HPV vaccination is recommended too. Ask about both at your next visit.

Oral sex — very low HIV risk, real STI risk

Oral sex is where the HIV messaging of the 1990s did the most unnecessary damage. The current CDC position is that oral sex carries little to no risk of HIV transmission, and that HIV is not transmitted through saliva.12 The systematic review could not generate a numeric point estimate at all, because no transmissions were observed across 8,965 receptive oral sex acts studied.11 The CDC does note factors that raise the small chance: ejaculation into the mouth, oral ulcers, bleeding gums, genital sores, or other sexually transmitted infections.12 With ART and maintained viral suppression below 200 copies/mL, the risk of sexual HIV transmission is zero.

Bacterial and viral STIs are a different story. Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes, and HPV all spread this way, and the CDC notes that in a study of gay men diagnosed with syphilis, one in five reported having had only oral sex. Pharyngeal gonorrhea is frequently asymptomatic — a major reason throat swabs belong in routine screening. If you want barriers, use a condom for oral sex on a penis and a dental dam or a condom cut open lengthwise for a vulva or anus.12 Plenty of people decline barriers and rely on regular site-specific screening instead — a reasonable choice that works far better when the screening includes the throat.

Vaginal sex — biology, U=U, PrEP, and internal condoms

Vaginal sex gets less attention in HIV prevention material than it should, partly because so much research has centered on men who have sex with men. Genital tissues differ anatomically, and several factors affect susceptibility. Historical estimates were: 8 per 10,000 exposures for receptive penile–vaginal intercourse and 4 per 10,000 for insertive, without condoms and with an untreated source.11 Other genital infections, bacterial vaginosis, cervical inflammation, menstruation, and the higher viral loads of acute infection all shift that number upward, and tissue changes around menopause can increase friability — reasons to treat genital infections promptly and use enough lubricant, not reasons to avoid vaginal sex.

U=U applies fully here. PARTNER included roughly 36,000 condomless acts among heterosexual couples with a suppressed partner and documented no linked transmissions.2 HPTN 052, largely heterosexual couples, produced the 96% reduction that opened the door to all of this.1

Two practical notes specific to vaginal sex:

• PrEP choice matters. F/TAF (Descovy) is not indicated for people at risk through receptive vaginal sex. F/TDF, cabotegravir, and lenacapavir all are.8 Lenacapavir's PURPOSE 1 trial was conducted specifically in cisgender women and found zero infections among 2,134 participants.9 And the time to protection with daily oral PrEP is longer for receptive vaginal sex — up to about 21 days rather than about 7.8
• Internal condoms exist and are underused. Inserted into the vagina (or, off-label, used for anal sex), they put barrier control in the hands of the receptive partner, can go in well before sex, and are the only barrier that works when a partner will not use an external condom.

STIs and doxy-PEP — 200 mg, within 72 hours

In June 2024 the CDC published clinical guidelines on doxycycline as post-exposure prophylaxis for bacterial STIs — the first genuinely new bacterial STI prevention tool in decades.10 The regimen is simple: doxycycline 200 mg, taken once by mouth as soon as possible after oral, vaginal, or anal sex, and within 72 hours, not exceeding 200 mg in any 24-hour period.10

The gap: cisgender women, and why it matters

The guidance is explicit that no recommendation can be given at this time for cisgender women, cisgender heterosexual men, transgender men, or other queer and nonbinary people assigned female at birth, because clinical data are limited.10 In practical terms: doxy-PEP is not currently recommended for cisgender women whose partners are penetrating them vaginally, and there is no approved analogue for them.

The evidence behind that gap is a single trial: 449 cisgender women in Kenya, 2020 to 2022, which found no significant reduction in bacterial STIs. The critical detail is that doxycycline was detected in the hair of only 29% of participants in the doxycycline arm, and the CDC notes nonadherence may well explain the null result, while acknowledging that cervicovaginal drug concentrations still need exploring.10

That is a research gap, not a biological verdict — the same pattern that recurs throughout HIV prevention research, where trials in women arrive later and smaller. If you are a woman living with HIV or dating someone who is, it is fair to name this gap with your provider. Community publications such as POZ and TheBody have covered the frustration from a community perspective.

Disclosure — language you can borrow, timing you choose

There is no correct moment to tell someone you are living with HIV. Early disclosure filters out people who would reject you before you are invested — and hands your health information to strangers. Later disclosure protects your privacy and builds a connection first — and can feel to the other person like something was withheld. Both are defensible. What helps is having language ready, so you are not composing under pressure.

On dating apps

In profile, if you want it there: "Poz, undetectable, on treatment — which means I can't pass HIV on. Happy to answer questions."

In a chat, once there is interest: "Before we meet — I'm living with HIV. I'm on treatment and undetectable, so I don’t transmit HIV through sex while I maintain suppression. That's not a maybe; it's what four big studies of thousands of couples found. Ask me anything you want."

Before first sex

Clothed, sober, not in the doorway: "I want to tell you something before this goes further, because I want you to have real information and not a surprise. I'm living with HIV. I've been on treatment for [time] and my viral load is undetectable, which means I don’t pass HIV through sex while I maintain suppression. If you want to look it up, the search term is U=U. If you'd feel better also being on PrEP, I'm completely fine with that — it's your body."

That last sentence does a lot of work: it removes the implication that wanting PrEP is an accusation, and gives the other person something active to do with their anxiety.

In the moment, when the moment moved faster than you did

There is no elegant version: "Hang on — I need to say something. I'm living with HIV, I'm undetectable, and I can't pass it on. I should have said it earlier. Do you want to keep going, or stop and talk?" Offering the stop is what makes it a disclosure rather than an announcement.

When it goes badly

Sometimes people react with fear, or cruelty, or they simply disappear. That is about the education they were given, not your worth — and it will still hurt. What helps: tell people when you have the emotional room to absorb a bad response, and have someone you can text afterward. Our stigma and disclosure page goes deeper, and our mental health and HIV page has options if this is producing real distress.

Conception — building a family, with the science on your side

For most of the epidemic, a mixed-status couple who wanted a biological child was routed into sperm washing, intrauterine insemination, or IVF — expensive, clinical, often out of reach. That is no longer the default, and it is one of the clearest wins of the U=U era. The federal perinatal HIV guidelines now state it directly: for partners with different HIV status, when the person with HIV is on antiretroviral therapy and has achieved sustained viral suppression, sexual intercourse without a condom allows conception without sexual HIV transmission to the partner who is HIV negative.15

What the guidelines recommend before you start trying

• Sustained viral suppression first — two plasma viral load measurements below the limit of detection, at least three months apart, before attempting conception.
• Screen and treat both partners for genital tract infections before conceiving.
• Discuss PrEP with the partner who is HIV negative — belt-and-suspenders, not a requirement, when suppression is sustained.
• Time condomless sex to ovulation, which reduces the number of exposures needed.
• Get expert consultation for infertility.15 Living with HIV should not mean a lesser workup.

Pregnancy and perinatal transmission

When fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy is started before pregnancy and an undetectable viral load is maintained through delivery, the risk of HIV transmission during pregnancy and delivery is under 1%, and scheduled cesarean delivery solely to prevent transmission is not routinely recommended when HIV RNA is at or below 1,000 copies/mL.15

Sperm washing and IVF have not vanished; they have stopped being mandatory, and remain the right path when there is a fertility issue, when suppression cannot be sustained, or when a partner prefers a non-sexual route. For the full pathway, see our HIV and pregnancy planning page.

Criminalization — where the law has not caught up with the science

HIV criminal laws differ across jurisdictions and may cover conduct with little or no transmission risk. CHLP’s September 2026 maps distinguish exposure/transmission offenses from penalty enhancements and broader communicable-disease laws. Repeal of one HIV-specific provision does not necessarily prevent prosecution under another law.16

CDC’s archived 2022 assessment concluded that many HIV criminalization laws had not kept pace with treatment and prevention science, and recommended that states consider updating or repealing them. It also warned that criminalization can discourage testing and increase stigma. These are public-health findings, not a statement of the law in your state today; consult a qualified local legal service for advice about a specific situation.17

HIV criminalization can involve HIV-specific laws, broader criminal provisions, or sentence enhancements. The Center for HIV Law and Policy’s September 2026 maps and Sourcebook explain state differences and the scope of these laws. Consult the current law in the relevant jurisdiction; a national count cannot determine an individual legal obligation.1816

The specific mismatch with U=U

The effect of disclosure, consent, treatment and viral suppression depends on the specific statute. U=U prevents sexual HIV transmission; it is not an automatic legal exemption everywhere. In Florida, §384.24(2) contains no express viral-suppression exception. Read the Florida requirements. Fair reform must also protect people who cannot demonstrate suppression: rights should not depend on a lab result.

Florida In Focus — the statute, the penalties, and where to get what you need

Florida matters here for two reasons: it carries one of the heaviest HIV burdens in the country, and it has one of the oldest and most explicit HIV-specific criminal statutes. On burden, in 2024 the South had the highest regional HIV diagnosis rate in the United States at 17.7 per 100,000 compared with 13.3 nationally, and Florida's HIV-related death rate of 2.8 per 100,000 placed it among the highest of any state.21 Those numbers are about access to care, insurance, transportation, stigma, and how long people go undiagnosed — not individual behavior.

Florida Statute 384.24 — what it actually says

Florida Statute 384.24 has two subsections. Subsection (1) makes it unlawful for a person with any of a list of sexually transmissible diseases — among them gonorrhea, genital herpes simplex, chlamydia, and syphilis — who knows they have it and has been informed it may be communicated through sexual intercourse, to have sexual intercourse with another person unless that person has been informed and has consented. Subsection (2) applies the same structure to HIV.22

The penalties are in Florida Statute 384.34. A violation of 384.24(1) — the other STIs — is a first-degree misdemeanor. A violation of 384.24(2), the HIV subsection, is a third-degree felony, and multiple violations a first-degree felony.22 That is the sentence-enhancement pattern the Center for HIV Law and Policy documents nationally, written into Florida law: the same conduct is a misdemeanor for chlamydia and a felony for HIV.

Getting PrEP, PEP, and doxy-PEP in Florida

The Florida Department of Health's standing guidance for anyone who thinks they have been exposed to HIV is to contact a hospital emergency room, urgent care clinic, or county health department for PEP evaluation. PEP is time-sensitive — start as soon as possible, ideally within 24 hours and no later than 72 hours. If more time has passed, still seek urgent assessment for testing and a prevention plan. Doxy-PEP is available county by county rather than uniformly: the CDC's national prevention services directory lists Doxy PEP among the clinical services at the Florida Department of Health in Pinellas County's Mid-County Health Department in Largo.21 If your county does not offer it, Ryan White clinics, federally qualified health centers, and LGBTQ+ health centers are the next places to ask.

Florida's sexually open communities

Florida has long-established sexually open and queer communities — Wilton Manors and Fort Lauderdale, South Beach and greater Miami, Key West, the Tampa Bay corridor — with bathhouses, leather and kink events, and circuit and pride weekends. Those communities also built the HIV service organizations around them, many running their own testing, PrEP navigation, and STI screening. That is the practical Florida picture: strong community infrastructure in the metros, thinner coverage in rural counties, and a felony statute that applies statewide regardless. Use our find care page to locate services, and see HIV in rural Florida if you are outside the metro corridors.

What to do next

If you take one thing from this page: the tools now exist to have the sex life you actually want — not a permitted version, not a reduced version. The work is mostly logistical.

1. Know your viral load and how long it has been suppressed. Under 200 copies/mL is the threshold,6 and when starting ART, use additional HIV prevention for at least the first six months and until suppression below 200 is documented and maintained.7 If you do not know the number, that is the first phone call.
2. Bring PrEP into the conversation with partners who want it. Four formulations exist, from a daily generic pill to a twice-yearly injection.89 It is their choice, not a referendum on you.
3. Ask about doxy-PEP if you meet the criteria — a man who has sex with men or a transgender woman with a bacterial STI in the past year. For MSM and trans women without a recent STI, a clinician may discuss anticipated exposure and uncertainty individually. Evidence is insufficient for a general recommendation in other populations. Get screened every 3 to 6 months if you have multiple partners, with site-specific testing including throat and rectum plus syphilis serology, and catch up on mpox, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and HPV vaccination.10
4. Ask about anal cancer screening. Age 35 for men who have sex with men and transgender women living with HIV; age 45 for other people living with HIV.19
5. Look up your state's HIV criminalization law. Check the specific law and its treatment of disclosure, consent and medical evidence; an undetectable result is not an automatic legal exemption everywhere.1622
6. Write one disclosure sentence you can say out loud, and practice it once. The first time should not be improvised.
7. Find a clinician who does not flinch. Ryan White clinics, community health centers, and LGBTQ+ health centers tend to handle sex, kink, and drug use without moralizing — and NCSF's Kink Aware Professionals directory exists for the harder searches.20